Role of Triage in Emergency Care

Job of Triage in Emergency Care Outline There is an agreement on the way that there has been a noteworthy increment in rush hour gridlock to crisis rooms which has brought about quickly developing interest on the restricted assets of crisis rooms around the world. In 1980, there were in excess of 82 million visit to clinic Emergency rooms in the USA, and an enormous rate were for non critical ailments. One purpose behind this pattern is that individuals realize they can get clinical consideration quickly in the Emergency offices without the significant delay for arrangements. This has prompted exceptionally high heap of patients visit to crisis rooms; an example that remains constant all inclusive for non dire patient visits to most pediatric crisis rooms ( Wilson FO etal ). Another explanation given for congestion is the expansion country to urban movement of populaces and furthermore the increment in the standard of care gave in most crisis room. Be that as it may, the subsequent increment sought after for crisis clinical consideration has not been coordinated by accessibility of assets in most social insurance frameworks and consequently there is requirement for crisis room supervisors to embrace or create instruments and conventions to organize the desperation and keenness of conditions to apportion suitable degree of care. In the event that this isn't done, at that point there is a probability that exceptionally sick patients may wind up standing by extended periods of time with expanded danger of dismalness and some may even kick the bucket because of deferral in life sparing treatment or intercessions. (Mirjam van veen and Harriette a Moll) DEFINITION Triage as a term really begins from the French action word ‘trier’, which interprets ‘to sort’. It was initially utilized by the military as an idea to manage huge number of setbacks oversaw by not many human and material assets. The choice is made to organize who had the most obvious opportunity with regards to endurance, and what level of care for the survivors (LE Slay,WG Rislan ) Over the most recent 20 years, this idea has gotten appropriate in light of the expanding traffic to the crisis rooms and a few devices have been created to survey, organize and sort patients going to the crisis office as indicated by a decided seriousness of ailment or injury, the degree of affliction, the presumable visualization and requirement for mediation with accessible assets. It must be explained, that triage in itself is certainly not a demonstrative apparatus however a deliberately organized and precise method of surveying the seriousness of patients conditions to decide their clinical needs utilizing their introducing indications and quantifiable physiological parameters and it expects to improve the arrangement of crisis care productively to deliver the best result for each patient by directing patients to suitable level and nature of care. Subsequently the components that are considered are seriousness of disease, level of criticalness and effect of life sparing mediation to lessen mortality, just as level of care required exposing constrained assets. These variables can be estimated impartially utilizing death rate, number of admissions to basic consideration unit and wards just as patients alluded to low earnestness care administrations. The advancement of various evaluation scoring frameworks and other pediatric-explicit scales were endeavors to have a target way to deal with the appraisal of seriousness sharpness and to help foresee disease or injury results in kids. Thus the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, the Yale Observation Scale, the Pediatric Trauma Score, the PRISM score (Pediatric Risk of Mortality score), diverse agony scales and different respiratory seriousness scoring frameworks were all endeavors to give basic classification and normalize the evaluation of seriousness of ailment and to anticipate forecast in the pediatric age gathering. Anyway practically speaking the crisis room triage nurture needs an exhaustive, basic and proficient sharpness stratificaton of the seriousness, to make fast and successful decisions(Dieckmann, 2002). These prompted advancement of different dynamic devices or triage scales. Gerber Zimmerman and McNair had attempted to portrayed triage as just a rating of patients clinical desperation, that in the end advanced into 2 degrees of dire, and non critical. Triage scales are thus evolved with the expect to quickly recognize extremely earnest cases requiring prompt or pressing life sparing treatment, or effectively direct them to fitting degree of care, and the varieties of triage scales are because of utilitarian contrasts in administration arrangement just as accessibility of assets. In spite of the fact that there is no bomb confirmation size of definition in light of the fact that perpetually social adjustments, level of advancement of information assortment, individual and ecological elements do impact each estimation instrument. (Christ et al 2010 according to Azeredo et al) Fittzgerald in his doctoral proposition in 1989, indicated it is really an unquestionably increasingly complex dynamic apparatus utilizing characterized standards to arrange patients as either a straightforward 3, 4 or 5 level earnestness scale, spearheading the target differentiation of the prior desperation scales(Fitzgerald GT. Crisis office triage. Division of Medicine. Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland, 1989.) TRIAGE IN CHILDREN Laskowski-Jones and Salati (2000) had firmly explained that youngsters ought not be viewed as meager grown-ups and should not be treated as such by medicinal services experts. This is a result of clear anatomical, physiological, just as passionate and scholarly contrasts among kids and grown-ups which legitimately modify the introduction of this gathering of patients in the crisis department[Laskowski-Jones]. This makes it inapplicable to utilize grown-up triage standards for offspring of pediatric age because of one of a kind center neurotic attributes that makes the potential for unexpected and quick disintegration when kids present to the Emergency office, making a flat out necesity for exact centered triage. There are proof that in blended crisis offices, grown-ups tend to ‘be seen sooner than similarly sick youngsters bringing about unsatisfactory sitting tight occasions for exceptionally sick kids, along these lines again making a requirement for explicit pediatric triage scales.(Cain P, Waldrop RD, Jones J; improved pediatric patient stream in a general crisis office by changing triage standards. Acad Emerg Med 3:65-71, 1996) The UKs Manchester Triage Systems MTS, the USAs Emergency Severity Index ESI, the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale CTAS, and the Australian(National ) Triage Scale, the most broadly utilized triage scales and by accord the most contemplated were all in the end altered to contain explicit parts for youngsters, are on the whole likewise made of five degree of triage urgencies (van Veen and Moll) Note that none of them had been created ‘de novo’ explicitly for the pediatric age gathering. The underlying three-level frameworks which prevailed in the United States ordinarily utilized either levels 1, 2, and 3 or emergentâ€urgentâ€nonurgent grouping assignments. These strategies are driven by the fundamental inquiry, ‘‘How long can patients wait?’’ When assessed, these three-level techniques had been seen as exceptionally inconsistent and have been condemned on the grounds that they need approval with clinical results. (Travers DA, Waller AE, Bowling JM, Flowers D,) The 5-level scales gave a superior separated apparatus to pediatric patient triage in crisis office, which was demonstrated to be increasingly productive in anticipating assets usages including medical clinic affirmations, length of remain, and resourse utilization.(Chang, Hsu) In spite of the fact that 5-level scales are like the grown-ups, yet they have pediatric facility neurotic parameters. Level 1 is basic, level 2 is rising, level 3 is dire, level 4 is non-dire and level 5 is quick track.(O’Neil KA, Molczan K: Pediatric triage: a level, 5-level framework in the United States. Pediatr Emerg Care 19:285-290, 2003) The MTS is a five-level scale that fuses the UK National Triage Scale. It was created in 1996 and afterward overhauled ten years after the fact after careful contribution by different experts.(Mackway-Jones et al 2006). In spite of the fact that it was planned overwhelmingly for grown-ups, the MTS in the long run adjusted six stream outlines that relate explicitly to kids and henceforth in 2007 it became embraced by the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN? What is as of now settled is that the genuine useful capacity of a powerful triage framework is controlled by their unwavering quality and legitimacy. Unwavering quality is estimated as both bury rater dependability which is a proportion of the understanding between at least two separate people utilizing a similar scale. It is a certification that the understanding is past that introduced by some coincidence, and this can be measurably decided and investigated utilizing Cohen’s kappa k. Where K is equivalent to 1 if the raters are in immaculate understanding, and K is equivalent to 0 if their understanding is completely by some coincidence. So k is evaluated from 0.1-0.9 ( as poor to amazing understanding). Intra rater unwavering quality estimates the understanding of one triage rater conceding to a similar degree of desperation when two unique instances of same situation present on discrete events. Legitimacy is an assurance that a determination of a genuine criticalness is in truth the genuine incentive for each clinical introduction. Though inside legitimacy proportions of the capacity of the triage framework to anticipate this genuine direness inside a framework, outer legitimacy quantifies its reproducibility in an alternate setting. Thus specialists concur that any triage must have these attributes to be viewed as a genuine apparatus of appraisal and to proceed as expected [Fernandez C]. It is likewise realized that the four significant triage scales, the MTS, ESI, CTAS, and ATS have been read and approved for both inner legitimacy and unwavering quality in grown-ups and have been utilized in ED triage by various wellbeing organizations. A few investigations detailed that the MTS and the Pediatric-CTAS both appear to be legitimate a

Penguin Paradise free essay sample

Each eight-year-old young lady has a fantasy. Many need to be princesses, some need to be cowgirls, a couple of need to be president. Me? I needed to see the penguins. Along these lines, when a large portion of my companions were spending their cash on Barbie dolls and bright clasps, I was putting something aside for an outing to New Zealand. A little and generally obscure island off the bank of New Zealand, Snares Island is home to somewhere in the range of 25,000 penguins. At the point when I initially knew about this separated penguin heaven, my eight-year-old heart was caught and I was resolved that, single direction or another, I would see those penguins. Things being what they are, Snares Island is a â€Å"minimum sway island,† which implies that regardless of the amount I spared or to what extent I paused, the odds of my really visiting weren’t great. Yet, that’s the excellence of being eight the entire world is in your grip, and any objective can be accomplished on the off chance that you make enough of an effort. We will compose a custom article test on Penguin Paradise or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this way, I brought forth an arrangement to visit Snares Island. I didn’t have a financial balance, however I had a little MM piggybank. I went through my days endeavoring to procure cash, and my nighttimes making sense of the amount more I expected to win every year to take the excursion when I turned 18. I weeded my mom’s garden, made my brother’s bed, and slaughtered creepy crawlies for my sister, at that point put each well deserved dime into that bank. With the assistance of my folks, I saw boarding passes, figuring in some harsh type of expansion. Consistently, I would take a gander at my advance and salute myself on being one bit nearer to penguin heaven. Clearly, my excursion hasn’t occurred, and because of the limitations on visiting Snares Island, I question it ever will. For quite a long time, however, my reality spun around what might have been my preferred spot. And keeping in mind that my ten-year plan gradually vanished, and those well deserved dimes were spent on increasingly vaporous things, the memory of Snares Island remains with me. I think back now and snicker at my credulous assurance to accomplish the close to outlandish, yet more than that, I think back and appreciate that young lady who had the boldness to work for what she needed. Regardless of whether the main penguin I see is at the zoo, a portion of that young lady will remain with me: her thankfulness for nature, and her assurance to make her place on the planet. Her astonishing association arranging despite everything drive me through secondary school. What's more, even now, when my preferred spot has moved from New Zealand to the Rocky Mountains, at whatever point I see a penguin, I can’t help yet recollect and grin. Different young ladies may have grown out of their princess, cowgirl, or president stages, however I will not grow out of my penguin stage on the grounds that, perhaps, quite possibly, the world is still in my grip, objectives can be accomplished, and all things considered, someone’s got the chance to go see those penguins!

Understanding when to Reference

Understanding when to Reference Understanding when to Reference Understanding when to Reference Failing to cite properly is one of the main reasons that students get into hot water during this academic career, which can result in a low grade, a failed grade or even a charge of academic misconduct. This means that learning how and when to reference is of paramount importance to every student. This is a skill that is generally not taught comprehensively in the student’s academic career. The student may be given handouts on referencing and referencing styles, which can be confusing when the basics of referencing have not been explained to the student. Thus, identifying when to reference is an important skill that the student has to learn. Most students know that failure to reference will amount to plagiarism, which is passing off another’s work as their own. This knowledge creates a black and white understanding of referencing without engaging the complexities when to reference in an appropriate way. Selecting text and putting it in quotation marks and citing the source is the most common form of referencing. However, this is not the only time that a student should and can reference. A student can read an argument of an author and paraphrase it in their own words, which will require referencing because s/he is using the ideas of the author. Paraphrasing is another common practice, but many students fail to cite the source. The failure to cite the source amounts to plagiarism because all the student has done is to change the words (i.e. s/he has not formulated any ideas or analysis). Paraphrasing and quotations are not the only forms of referencing. The student has to consider whether an argument and/or selection of ideas in their essay are their own. With such considerations, the student must determine whether a substantial amount of each idea has come from another person. If this is the case then the source has to be cited, even if it is not paraphrased for quoted from. Conversely, not all ideas that the student places in an essay will have to be cited. If the idea emanates from the student’s own analysis of one or more author’s work then this is the student’s own work and should not be referenced. Nonetheless, to show that the work is the student’s own analysis, it is recommended that the student identifies each of the ideas with proper citations. The student can then conclude the work with his/her own analysis. These basics are important to understand before the student engages with the formalities of a particular referencing system, such as APA, Harvard, MLA or OSCOLA. Formalities do not identify when the student should cite another’s work. Rather, this is guided by a number or principles that can result in unimagined complexities for the student tackling referencing. Here at Homework Help Canada we can help to show you how to reference correctly. This can be done through our custom written essay, dissertation and/or one-on-one tutoring service. Through a custom essay or dissertation the student can see how and when to reference; whereas the tutoring service will allow one of Homework Help Canada’s Experts to explain how and why work is referenced in a certain way. Thus, combining both custom written work with the tutoring service will provide the most comprehensive help on how and when to reference, which Homework Help Canada can provide to you. References: Purdue University (2015) “Using Research” Owl Online Writing Lab available at: accessed September 6, 2015. Understanding when to Reference Understanding when to Reference Understanding when to Reference Failing to cite properly is one of the main reasons that students get into hot water during this academic career, which can result in a low grade, a failed grade or even a charge of academic misconduct. This means that learning how and when to reference is of paramount importance to every student. This is a skill that is generally not taught comprehensively in the student’s academic career. The student may be given handouts on referencing and referencing styles, which can be confusing when the basics of referencing have not been explained to the student. Thus, identifying when to reference is an important skill that the student has to learn. Most students know that failure to reference will amount to plagiarism, which is passing off another’s work as their own. This knowledge creates a black and white understanding of referencing without engaging the complexities when to reference in an appropriate way. Selecting text and putting it in quotation marks and citing the source is the most common form of referencing. However, this is not the only time that a student should and can reference. A student can read an argument of an author and paraphrase it in their own words, which will require referencing because s/he is using the ideas of the author. Paraphrasing is another common practice, but many students fail to cite the source. The failure to cite the source amounts to plagiarism because all the student has done is to change the words (i.e. s/he has not formulated any ideas or analysis). Paraphrasing and quotations are not the only forms of referencing. The student has to consider whether an argument and/or selection of ideas in their essay are their own. With such considerations, the student must determine whether a substantial amount of each idea has come from another person. If this is the case then the source has to be cited, even if it is not paraphrased for quoted from. Conversely, not all ideas that the student places in an essay will have to be cited. If the idea emanates from the student’s own analysis of one or more author’s work then this is the student’s own work and should not be referenced. Nonetheless, to show that the work is the student’s own analysis, it is recommended that the student identifies each of the ideas with proper citations. The student can then conclude the work with his/her own analysis. These basics are important to understand before the student engages with the formalities of a particular referencing system, such as APA, Harvard, MLA or OSCOLA. Formalities do not identify when the student should cite another’s work. Rather, this is guided by a number or principles that can result in unimagined complexities for the student tackling referencing. Here at Homework Help USA we can help to show you how to reference correctly. This can be done through our custom written essay, dissertation and/or one-on-one tutoring service. Through a custom essay or dissertation the student can see how and when to reference; whereas the tutoring service will allow one of Homework Help USAs Experts to explain how and why work is referenced in a certain way. Thus, combining both custom written work with the tutoring service will provide the most comprehensive help on how and when to reference, which Homework Help USA can provide to you. References: Purdue University (2015) “Using Research” Owl Online Writing Lab available at: accessed September 6, 2015.

Into the Wild Character Analysis of McCandless - 1040 Words

Christopher Johnson McCandless graduated from Emory University in 1990. The son of well-to-do parents, it appeared that Chris was prepared to embark on the next chapter of his life. He had been editor of the student newspaper, earned honors with a double major in history and anthropology, and seemed destined for law school. Determined to rewrite his story, Chris eschewed conventional expectations. He divested himself of money and possessions and immersed himself in a new identity: Alexander Supertramp, Alaskan Adventurer. Four months after beginning his trek into the wilderness north of Mt. McKinley, Chriss decomposed body was found. When the details of his story emerged, many people thought Chris was mentally disturbed, calling him a kook, a nut, and a half-cocked greenhorn, among other things (Krakauer, 1996, pp. 71-72). Had Chriss story had a happy ending, he would probably be described differently. He brought the tragic ending on himself, and people called him crazy. Crazy is a n on-clinical word often used to describe someone with an underlying pathology. In this sense, there was nothing wrong with Chris McCandless. What he did suffer from was the enthusiasm and over-confidence of youth. Combined with poor planning and insufficient skills and experience in the outdoors, his affliction became fatal. McCandless made bad decisions, but he was not crazy. Chris McCandless enjoyed a privileged upbringing, but one in which he was held to high expectations. ChrissShow MoreRelatedEssay On Chris Mccandless1092 Words   |  5 PagesChris McCandless, the subject of Jon Krakauersâ€Å"Into The Wild,† whose off-the-grid Alaskan adventure ended in starvation is a hero and an idealist whose sense of independence and adventure inspires us to reach for our dreams. McCandless was a courageous man. He wanted to live a life that was completely different than the one his parents lead. And wanted to submerge himself in the world that we live in and be sequestered from peo ple who take it for granted. However, most students see McCandless as aRead MoreInto the Wild Journal (English 4 Erwc)5236 Words   |  21 PagesHector Hernandez Mrs. Phillips 3 May 2012 English 4 ERWC/SDAIE â€Å"Into the Wild† â€Å"Krakauer, John. Into the Wild. Double Day: New York, 1996.† â€Å"1. Getting Ready to Read† Answer the 3 Questions†¦Half Page each â€Å"2. Introducing Key Concepts† Story 1 | Story 2 | Story 3 | My view | Her view | My view | Her view | My view | His view | Spoiled | Heart Broken | Educated | Amused | Obsessed | Hurt | Brat | Sad | Helpful | Interested | Mysterious | Sad | Greedy | Depressed | Wasteful | Amused | NotRead MoreAnalysis of Into the Wild1957 Words   |  8 Pages Into the Wild Introduction Into the Wild is a modern day exploration of liberty found by eschewing custom and flinging oneself into the literal wilderness. Exploring Christopher McCandless true story, the film couches McCandless search for freedom in noble terms, quoting Lord Byron, for example. In addition, both John Stuart Mill and Anne Norton would appear to agree with McCandless adventure, though there is also the cautionary possibility that McCandless was troubled and selfish ratherRead MoreVisual Rhetorical Analysis: Into the Wild Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lu Seng Chuin ENGL250 FD Visual Rhetorical Analysis: Into The Wild (Rough Draft) The movie â€Å"Into The Wild† is a true story depicts the desperation of a young Emory graduate, Christopher Johnson McCandless, to flee from the invisible binding of societal pressure and family problems; and worked his way through the unusual journey to Alaskan. The story began with his college graduation and inner frustration to his broken family, then proceeds through a series of events full withRead MoreExistentialism : Wild ( 2014 ) And Into The Wild1739 Words   |  7 Pages Existentialism: Wild(2014) and Into the Wild(2007) For this paper, both movies used to explain Existentialism are adapted from real stories. The first film is Wild, starring Reese Witherspoon as Cheryl Strayed and the second is Into the Wild, starring Emile Hirsch as Christopher McCandless. In Sartre’s definition of existentialism, human existence precedes essence, therefore leading to meaning, purpose and identity. When Chris and Cheryl leave their family, friends and everything else they knowRead MoreInto the Wild2374 Words   |  10 PagesRhett Jackson English 12B: American Literature 15 March 2012 Into the Wild Temperament Type Analysis The novel Into the Wild is a nonfiction novel published by Jon Krakauer who investigated the life and death of a free spirited individual named Christopher McCandless. McCandless was a recent Emory University graduate who sought to suck the marrow out of life through an independent experience in nature and purposely sought to this experience in the rawest form of supplies. He was found deadRead MoreExistentialism : Wild ( 2014 ) And Into The Wild1779 Words   |  8 Pages Existentialism: Wild(2014) and Into the Wild (2007) For this paper, both movies used to explain Existentialism are adapted from real stories. The first film is Wild, starring Reese Witherspoon as Cheryl Strayed and the second is into the Wild, starring Emile Hirsch as Christopher McCandless. In Sartre’s definition of existentialism, human existence precedes essence, therefore leading to meaning, purpose and identity. When Chris and Cheryl leave their family, friends and everything else they knowRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pageseducation,[2] or coming-of-age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3] in which character change is extremely important.[4][5] Contents [hide] 1 Origin 2 Plot outline 3 Examples 3.1 Precursors 3.2 17th century 3.3 18th century 3.4 19th century 3.5 20th century 3.6 21st century 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further

Struggle in The River Between Essay - 917 Words

Struggle in The River Between In the book The River Between we find traditional values of the tribe challenged by tribal members who had converted to Christianity. The novel focuses on the struggle between two conflicting interests: First there was the interest to convert Africans to Christianity, and the second was the tribe trying to keep their traditional values in the midst of Christianity. The most contrasting characters in the story were Waiyaki and Joshua. Waiyaki was a strong influence on the people of the land, and his father, Chege, was a man who had powerful visions of his sons future: Salvation shall come from the hills ... Arise. Heed the prophecy (Pg. 20). Waiyaki’s father put the burden of this prophecy†¦show more content†¦some good, some truth shone through it (Pg. 141). Joshua instead believed in rooting out all pagan traditions and rituals: He renounced his tribes magic, power and rituals. ... his people worship the Gikuyu god the Prince of darkness (Pg. 29). All the tribe’s customs were bad. That was final. There could never be a compromise (Pg. 84). As is true in every religious movement there are those who become fanatical and try to push their ideas. Many people will not understand what your beliefs are, and so they will be fearful and most likely reject anything that you say. Fanatics come out when they think they know better than the people they are trying to convert, as is true in Joshuas case. Joshua, and a few others grasped the Christian ideas and fully took hold of the beliefs. He, Joshua, went as far as judging everybody around him who would not convert to Christian ideas: There is none righteous, no, not one. ... for all have sinned and come short of the glory of God (Pg. 84). Both of these characters become different when faced with Western ideas. Waiyaki takes to heart the idea of education in helping his people, and the need to learn like the white people do. In the case of religion he knew that some of the teachings were beneficial, but he also knew that if they gave up all their traditional rituals their society would disintegrate. WaiyakiShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Swimmer711 Words   |  3 Pageswater. Every human mind is different, and we all have our own fear and struggles. The short story â€Å"The Swimmer† (2011), written by S.J. Butler, is a story about a girl ´s fear of life and her effort to overcome it. The theme of fear in the story is expressed by the main character ´s development. Even the smallest decision, can change you for the rest of your life. The story takes place in the middle of the nature, by a big river with many trees around it. The weather is extremely warm and everythingRead MoreGay Fathers And Their Children1300 Words   |  6 PagesDANIEL WINUNWE RIVERS. Radical Relations: Lesbian Mothers, Gay Fathers, and Their Children in the United States since World War II. (Gender and American Culture.) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. Pp. xii, 296. $32.50. Recent representation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) families in mainstream media, exemplified by the long-running sitcom Modern Family, and the 2015 United States Supreme Court’s ruling in favor of same-sex marriage, may lead some to believeRead MoreThe River Between By Ngugi Wa Thiong1549 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel The River Between, Ngugi wa Thiong’o expresses a strong moderate nationalist sentiment displayed in various ways. The subject of this novel, is a meaningful portrayal of how the theme of colonization is at the heart of most African literature written in English. The River Between was Ngugi’s first work to be published in his own language, Gikuyu and then translated into English. 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The beginning of the flood, from the initial crevasse, poured out â€Å"468,000 second-feet onto the Delta that triple the volume of a flooding Colorado, more than double a flooding Niagara Falls and the entire upper Mississippi ever carried† (pg 203). The flood of 1927 â€Å"shifted perceptions of the role and responsibility of the federal government†¦ shattered the myth of a quasi-feudal bond between Delta blacks and the southern aristocracy...accelerated

Patent Infringement of Internet Technology Free Essays

Issue in Dispute Factual Background The issue being disputed is whether Vonage contravened patent law by using a technological invention registered to Verizon, without permission, in providing its online communication services. Infringement was claimed by Verizon on three of its patents. Since 2006, a string of patent infringement cases have been filed against Vonage, an online communications company providing customers with the means to communicate through their computers through the Internet route. We will write a custom essay sample on Patent Infringement of Internet Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Verizon was first to sue Vonage for the use of three patents covering the translation of ‘analog voice signals’ into ‘digital signals’ to allow customers to communicate through their computers with broadband connections. In March, a jury verdict found Vonage to have infringed the patents and this was also upheld by the appellate court but only for the two patents. However, the appellate court remanded the case down to the lower court for re-determination of the monetary award since this was not detailed by the jury. Next to file a case was Sprint Nextel Corporation for the use of its patented voice-over internet protocol (VoIP), which allows computer users to make calls using broadband connections. In September, a jury also found voyage to have infringed this patent. Lastly, Klausner Technologies also communicated its claims to Vonage but this has been settled. To date, claims of Sprint Nextel Corporation and Klausner have already been settled. All these claims involved Vonage’s online use of these technology patents in its online popular communication services. Position of Litigants Verizon based its claims on the infringement of three patents. Patent 574 enhances translations of communication information such as telephone numbers or websites into IP addresses. Patent 711 covers the manner of using computer speakers or microphones to communicate online. Patent 880 covers ‘localized wireless gateway system’ that enables phones to register with transceivers before connecting to the Internet.[1] Although these patents do not constitute online communications, this serves to enhance the system by providing a means of translating numerous digital to analog signals, instructing a means of using speakers and microphones to communicate online, and connecting into local base stations to connect mobile phones to computers. By offering online communication services using these three patents without its permission, Verizon claims that Vonage has violated its patent grant. Vonage claims that it has not violated Verizon’s patents because it did not translate but merely extracted and reformatted the telephone numbers. Verizon also claimed that the court of first instance erred in the direction it gave to the jury, particularly on the construction of vital terms found in the claims. First contested term is ‘translation’, which was construed by the courts generally instead of limiting this to the conversation of higher to lower protocols as contained in the patent grant. Second contested term is ‘conditional analysis’, which was interpreted by the court as generating a result from a prior first condition. Vonage claims that this should be limited only to the preferences of the parties using the system.[2] Since its operations do not fall under the technological systems patented by Verizon, it has not infringed any patent. Ethical Issue Opinion on the Case Prior to the cases, Vonage has become popular as an online communications company[3]. In 2006, it launched virtual phone numbers in Europe[4] implying the development of a new type of Internet based community function apart from linking its services to various Internet communication channels such as voicemail. Its popularity was due to the competitive prices together with the high Internet accessibility in most developed countries and the higher interconnectivity it offers by being able to link landlines and mobile phones to computers when compared to purely landline or mobile services or with Internet connectivity but limited only to same network calls. Basically, prior to Vonage’s service, VoIP was already existent but with limited use only to partners of the service provider. Vonage took the VoIP concept fused it with the other online communication connectivity and processes and created a service that higher interconnectivity. Did Vonage violate the law? According to the courts, it did violate the patents of the two companies. Was its actions right or wrong? The answer cannot be plainly stated in black and white. On one hand, this may be wrong because it profited out of somebody else’s technological innovation but on the other hand, it served or even empowered the public by giving them an alternative option. Even in a competitive world, consumers, through demand, do not always influence market prices, quality of service, or innovation. This is especially so in the case of online technology sector, which have become a venue for monopoly such as Microsoft. Under existing law and jurisprudence[5] there may be infringement. However, this case could have become a landmark by clarifying the concept of patent for the purpose of negating infringement. A patent is a property right to use or own inventions for a given number of years and an invention is a new creation[6]. However, it does not necessarily cover purpose, function or importance to the community. Patent has also been used for abuse such as the monopolistic tendencies of technological companies. While private property should be respected, this should also be balanced with public good. Moreover, Internet technologies are virtual, making it necessary to determine or limit the processes or operations considered as qualifying for patents. References KSR Int’l Co.v. Teleflex Inc. (No. 04-1350) 119 Fed. Appx. 282. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/04-1350.ZO.html. Richtel, M. (2007, October 26). Shares Rise as Vonage Settles Fight over Patent. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/technology/26phone.html. Vonage (2007). Timeline. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from www.vonage.com. US Patent and Trademark Office (2007). General Information Concerning Patents. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/index.html#patent. Vonage Told to Stop Using Verizon Technology By IAN AUSTEN Published: March 24, 2007 A federal judge said yesterday that he would order Vonage Holdings, the Internet-based telephone service, to stop using technologies patented by Verizon Communications. The decision, which could force Vonage to close or to install new systems, follows a jury decision this month that awarded Verizon $58 million and monthly royalties. But the judge agreed to postpone the effective date of the injunction for two weeks while he considers a request by Vonage for a stay pending what could be a lengthy appeal. The decision forced a temporary halt in the trading of Vonage shares and eventually sent the company’s stock down $1.05, or 26 percent, to close at $3. Vonage began trading last May at $17 a share. â€Å"For Vonage, everything that can go wrong has gone wrong,† said Richard Greenfield, the co-head of Pali Research in New York. â€Å"The constant stream of bad publicity has got to be adding to customer churn.† As it did earlier this month, Vonage quickly moved to assure its two million customers that their service would not be affected. It has said it is developing alternative technology that does not conflict with Verizon’s patents. â€Å"We are confident that Vonage customers will not experience service interruptions or other changes,† the company’s chief executive, Mike Snyder, said in a statement. â€Å"Our fight is far from over. We remain confident that Vonage has not infringed on any of Verizon’s patents.† Brooke Schulz, a spokeswoman for Vonage, said the company had not seen any effect on its ability to attract and retain customers because of the case. â€Å"We believe this case has had not impact on churn to date, nor do we expect it to,† she said. Judge Claude M. Hilton of Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in Alexandria said yesterday that an injunction was necessary because fines and royalties will â€Å"not prevent continued erosion of the client base of the plaintiff,† The Associated Press reported from Alexandria. Vonage has been the early leader in an attempt by several companies to shift traditional telephone company customers to Internet-based calling. â€Å"We’re pleased the court has decided to issue a permanent injunction to protect Verizon’s patented innovations,† said John Thorne, a senior vice president and deputy general counsel at Verizon. The three patents that a jury found Vonage to be infringing upon involve the way the company moves calls to and from the Internet from the conventional telephone system, methods for giving customers calling features like call waiting, and means for providing Internet calling through wireless networks. If Vonage is forced to switch to other technologies, the cost and feasibility of such a change is not clear. It is believed that the company has the ability to make remote software updates in devices that its customers have installed at their homes and offices.  Many conventional telephone companies hold patents involving Internet calling. Vonage faces a separate patent lawsuit from Sprint Nextel that has yet to go to trial.    How to cite Patent Infringement of Internet Technology, Essay examples

What Is a Random Variable free essay sample

We categorize these situations by defining a generic numerical outcome, or random variable. for similar random circumstances. Identifying the type of random variable ap ¬propriate in a given situation makes it easy to find probabilities and other infor ¬mation that would be difficult to derive from first principles. There are two different broad classes of random variables: 1. A continuous random variable can take any value in an interval or col ¬lection of intervals. 2. A discrete random variable can take one of a countable list of distinct values. Sometimes a random variable fits the technical definition of a dis ¬crete random variable but it is more convenient to treat it as a continuous random variable. Examples include Incomes, prices, and exam scores. Sometimes continuous random variables are rounded off to whole units, giving the appearance of a discrete random variable, such as age in years or pulse rate to the nearest beat. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is a Random Variable? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In most of these situations, the num ¬ber of possible values is large and we are more interested in probabilities concerning intervals than specific values, so the methods for continuous random variables will be used. We can consider discrete and continuous random variables separately because probabilities are computed and used differently for them. For discrete random variables, we are interested in probabilities of exact outcomes or a series of them. For continuous random variables, we are Interested in the probability of the outcome falling into a specific Interval. For instance, suppose you are wait ¬ing to fly on standby and you have first priority. You would want to know the probability that the number of standby passengers who will be able to board the plane (a discrete random variable) is one or more. You might also want to know the probability that the flying time (a continuous random variable) will be no more than the time specified in the flight schedule. The probability that the flying time is exactly that amount would be essentially zero, and it doesnt make sense to talk about probabilities of exact values for continuous random variables. Remember that a discrete random variable is one that can only result in a countable set of possibilities. Although a discrete random variable often has a finite number of outcomes, that Is not always the case. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help